This paper proposes EA4eigCS, an enhanced ensemble evolutionary algorithm that integrates Crisscross Search and Sparrow Search into the EA4eig framework to specifically process inferior individuals. This approach aims to address stagnation in long-term real parameter single objective optimization, demonstrating improved performance over existing state-of-the-art methods.

This article systematically reviews the Orienteering Problem (OP) research from 2017 to 2025, offering a component-based taxonomy for its variants and solution methods. It provides a consolidated reference for existing OP research and outlines a structured agenda for future theoretical and applied work, particularly focusing on AI integration and scalability.