This paper reviews 24 EU AI regulatory documents from 2024-2025 to clarify definitions and provisions related to security, privacy, and agentic AI. It aims to resolve ambiguities and align regulatory obligations with the evolving capabilities of AI, particularly autonomous agents.

This paper introduces the Hierarchical Autonomy Evolution (HAE) framework, a novel approach to categorizing security vulnerabilities in AI agents as they evolve from cognitive entities to collective societies. It details a taxonomy of threats across three levels of autonomy, highlighting critical research gaps and guiding the development of robust, multilayered defense architectures for trustworthy AI agent systems.